Phrasal Verb mengacu pada verba dan preposisi yang secara bersama mempunyai arti khusus, namun tidak bersifat kiasan seperti Idiom. Phrasal Verb bisa terdiri dari dua atau tiga kata.
Example:
Get + up = get up = wake up (bangun)
I get up at 5.00 a.m. = I wake up at 5.00 a.m.
untuk penjelasan lebih lanjut dan contoh phrasal verb yang lebih banyak, silakan download powerpoint-nya: klik di sini
(tunggu beberapa detik nanti dialihkan ke adfoc.us, kemudian ke adf.ly, dan setelah itu baru bisa didownload ataupun cuma di-view). Terima kasih
Sabtu, 01 Maret 2014
Conditional Sentence (If Clause)
Pasti kalian pernah mendengar lagu Hoobastank berjudul If I were You. Mungkin bagi kalian bingung dengan judul lagu tersebut. Bukannya “I” seharusnya diikuti oleh tobe “am” atau “was”, bukannya “were”. Lalu, mungkin sebagian dari sekalian tak menghiraukan itu, atau menganggap itu hanyalah kalimat bahasa Inggris tak baku. Jika kalian berfikir begitu, maka kalian akan salah total.
Sebenarnya judul lagu tersebut menggunakan struktur kalimat “CONDITIONAL SENTENCE”. Apa itu ? Conditional Sentence dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti KALIMAT PENGANDAIAN. Kalau dalam bahasa Indonesia, struktur kalimat pengandaian tidak bisa dibedakan dengan kalimat biasa, kecuali ada kata seandainya, andai, jika, kalau, dll. Namun dalam bahasa Inggris sedikit ribet kalau membahas mengenai Kalimat Pengandaian.
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| image source: http://passionforwriting.siterubix.com |
1. Type I
Tipe I digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian yang belum terlalu mustahil untuk terjadi. Hal yang kita andaikan tersebut bisa saja terjadi saat ini atau nanti.
Pola Utama:
If + (Induk Kalimat (Simple Present)) + (Anak Kalimat (Present Future/Simple Present))
Contoh :
1.1 If Andi comes to the party tonight, I will be so happy.
1.2 If Andi comes to the party tonight, I am so happy.
1.3 I am so happy if Andi comes to the party tonight.
1.4 If the temperature goes below 0° C, water will freeze.
1.5 Water freezes if the temperature goes below 0° C.
Contoh 1.1 – 1.3 mempunyai arti yang sama, yaitu jika Andi datang ke pesta malam ini, maka saya akan senang. Ini berarti yang diandaikan pembicara belum tentu terjadi, namun belum tentu juga tidak terjadi. Jadi masih ada harapan 50:50 kalau si Andi akan datang ke pesta malam ini. Kesimpulan kalimat : Andy probably will come.
Pada contoh 1.1 anak kalimatnya menggunakan tenses Present Future. Pada kalimat 1.2 anak kalimatnya menggunakan tenses Simple Present. Sedangkan, pada kalimat 1.3 tensesnya sama persis dengan kalimat 1.2, namun induk dan anak kalimatnya dipindah.
Pada kalimat 1.4 dan 1.5, maknanya juga sama, yaitu : air akan membeku jika suhu berada di bawah 0°C. Kita tahu bahwa air memang akan membeku pada suhu di bawah 0° C. Jadi, apa yang diandaikan pada kalimat tersebut memang terjadi atau merupakan hal yang lazim terjadi, bukan kejadian yang mungkin terjadi seperti contoh 1.1 – 1.3.
2. Type II
Tipe II digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian terhadapa peristiwa atau keadaan yang tidak mungkin terjadi sekarang, karena faktanya hal tersebut tidak terjadi atau berlaku. DAN INGAT DALAM CONDITIONAL SENTECE TIPE II ,TO BE SETELAH SUBJEK SEMUANYAWERE.
Pola Utama :
If + (Induk Kalimat (Simple Past)) + (Anak Kalimat (Past Future))
Contoh :
2.1 If I were you, I would forgive him.
2.2 If she were here right now, I would talk to her.
2.3 If you weren’t my friend, I would punch you.
Kalimat 2.1 mempunyai arti : Jika aku jadi kamu, aku akan memaafkan dia. Ini berarti bahwa dalam kalimat tersebut “Aku” adalah bukan “Dia”. Hal itu mustahil terjadi pada saat ini, karena faktanya hal tersebut tidak terjadi. Kesimpulan kalimat : I am not you.
Lihat to be setelah kata “I”, seharusnya kan was, bukan were ? itulah bedanya kalimat past biasa dengan conditional sentence. POKOKNYA INGAT DALAM CONDITIONAL SENTECE TIPE II ,TOBE SETELAH SUBJEK SEMUANYA WERE.
Kalimat 2.2 mempunyai arti : Jika dia di sini sekarang, aku akan bicara kepadanya. Ini berati sekarang “Dia” tidak ada di sini. Kesimpulan kalimat: She wasn’t here.
Kalimat 2.3 berati : Jika kamu bukan temanku aku akan memukulmu. Ini berarti sekarang “kamu” adalah temanku. Kesimpulan kalimat : You are my friend.
3. Type III
Tipe III digunakan untuk mengungkapkan pengandaian terhadap suatu hal yang sudah tidak mungkin lagi terjadi baik di masa lalu, sekarang, maupun masa mendatang.
Pola Kalimat Utama :
If + (Induk Kalimat (Past Perfect)) + (Anak Kalimat (Perfect Future))
Contoh :
3.1 If I had watched that movie, I would have told it to you.
3.2 If I had died, I wouldn’t have visited you last week.
3.3 If the earth had not been created, we wouldn’t have existed.
Kalimat 3.1 menyatakan bahwa : Jika aku sudah menontoh film itu, aku pasti sudah menceritakannya kepadamu. Ini berarti “aku” belum pernah menontoh film itu baik sekarang ataupun di masa lalu, sehingga aku tidak menceritakannya. Kesimpulan kalimat : I didn’t watched that movie.
Kalimat 3.2 bermakna : Jika aku sudah mati, aku tidak mungkin mengunjungimu minggu lalu. Ini berarti “aku” tidak mungkin mengunjungi “kamu”, jikalau “aku” sudah mati. Kesimpulan kalimat : I didn’t die.
Kalimat 3.3 bermakana : Jika bumi tidak diciptakan, kita tidak mungkin ada. Ini berarti baik sekarang maupun di masa lalu, faktanya adalah bumi itu diciptakan atau ada. Jadi merupakan hal yang sangat tidak mungkin sekali kalau bumi itu tidak ada. Kesimpulan kalimat : the earth were created.
COBA BANDINGKAN !
1. If Ani studies hard, she will pass the examination.
2. If Ani studied hard, she would pass the examination.
3. If Ani had studied hard, she would have passed the examination.
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| image source: http://www.colourbox.com |
LATIHAN :
Coba ubah kalimat di bawah ini menjadi ke-3 tipe kalimat pengandaian :
1. If I (have) money, I (pay) my debt.
I. If I have money, I will pay my debt.
II. If I had money, I would pay my debt.
III. If I had had money, I would have paid my debt.
2. If Jaya (come), Putra (tobe) very happy.
3. If I (tobe) rich, I (buy) everything I want.
4. If I (tobe) a superstar, I (have) so much money.
5. If earthquake (not happen) in Japan, tsunami (not strike) Japan.
Ingin Tahu Jawabannya ? DIKOMENTAR dulu……. :)
Mengubah Kalimat Aktif Menjadi Pasif dalam 16 Tenses #2
KEMBALI KE BAGIAN 1
- Past
9. Simple Past
Aktif : S + V2 + O
Pasif : O + tobe + V3
Contoh :
a. I broke the glass. => The glass was broken (by me).
b. My mom told me. => I was told (by my mom).
10. Past Future
Aktif : S + Would + V1 + O
Pasif : O + Would + be + V3
a. I would spend the money. => The money would be spent (by me).
c. His father would hit him. => He would be hit (by his father).
11. Past Perfect
Aktif : S + Had + V3 + O
Pasif : O + Had + been + V3
a. You had eaten that food. => The food had been eaten (by you).
b. Her sister had called me for some help. => I had been called (by her sister) for some help.
12. Past Continuous
Aktif : S + tobe (was/were) + V-ing + O
Pasif : O + tobe (was/were) + being + V3
a. I was drinking a cup of coffee. => A cup of coffee was being drunk (by me)
b. His mother was cooking meal for breakfast. => Meal for breakfast was being cooked (by his mother).
13. Past Future Perfect
Aktif : S + Would + Have + V3 + O
Pasif : O + Would + Have + been + V3
Contoh :
a. They would have watched that movie. => That movie would have been watched (by them).
b. Our teacher would have taught us for 1 year. => We would have been taught (by our teacher) for 1 year.
14. Past Future Continuous
Aktif : S + Would + be + V-ing
Pasif : O + Would + be + being + V3
Contoh :
a. We would be cleaning the house. => The house would be being cleaned (by us).
b. She would be fixing your life. => Your life would be being fixed (by her)
15. Past Perfect Continuous
Aktif : S + Had + been + V-ing + O
Pasif : O + Had + been + being + V3
Contoh :
a. My cat had been eating your fish. => Your fish had been being eaten (by my cat).
b. He had been changing my life. => My life had been being changed (by him).
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous
Aktif : S + Would + Have + been + V-ing + O
Pasif : O + Would + Have + been + being + V3
Contoh :
a. My wife would have been driving the car. => The car would have been being driven (by my wife).
b. My husband would have been climbing the wall. => The wall would have been being climbed (by my husband).
Mengubah Kalimat Aktif Menjadi Pasif dalam 16 Tenses #1
Cara mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif itu tidak sulit. Tinggal letakan saja objek dalam kalimat aktifnya yang biasanya ada di akhit kalimat menjadi di awal kalimat. Selai itu, 1 hal yang harus kalian ingat adalah kata kerja utama yang ada di kalimat aktif harus diubah menjadi bentuk ketiga dan didahului dengan to be. KATA KERJA BENTUK TIGA (past participle) tersebut pada kalimat pasif tidak akan berubah, tidak peduli dalam tense apa kalimat pasif tersebut.
V1 / V2 / V3 => tobe + V3
Misalkan : eat menjadi is/are eaten
Setelah kalian ingat dengan hal di atas, maka langkah kedua kalian harus memperhatikan tense dari kalimat yang ingin kalian ubah ke pasif. Berikut cara mengubah kalimat aktif ke pasif dalam 16 tense bahasa Inggris :
- Present
1. Simple Present
Aktif : S + V1 + O
Pasif : O + tobe + V3
Contoh
a. I eat that cake. => That cake is eatean (by me).
b. She breaks the vase. => The vase is broken (by her).
*kata dalam kurung boleh digunakan atau tidak.
2. Present Future
Aktif : S + will + V1 + O
Pasif : O + Will + be + V3
Contoh :
a. I will do the homework. => The homework will be done (by me).
b. My boss will accept my plan. => My plan will be accepted (by my boss).
3. Present Perfect
Aktif : S + Have/Has + V3 + O
Pasif : O + Have/Has + been + V3
Contoh :
a. You have taken the pencil. => The pencil has been taken (by you).
b. He has written a letter. => A letter has been written (by him).
4. Present Continuous
Aktif : S + tobe + V-ing + O
Pasif : O + tobe + being + V3
Contoh :
a. They are destroying that big building. => That big building is being destroyed.
b. He is eating a huge cake. => A huge cake is being eaten.
5. Present Future Perfect
Aktif : S + Will + Have + V3 + O
Pasif : O + Will + Have + been + V3
Contoh :
a. We will have finished all the tasks. => All the tasks will have been finished (by us).
b. Next month, he will have finished his paper. => Next month, his paper will have been finished (by him).
6. Present Future Continuous
Aktif : S + Will + Have + been + V-ing
Pasif : O + Will + Have + been + being + V3
Contoh :
a. I will have been cooking the dinner soon. => The dinner will have been being cooked soon (by me).
b. I’m sure my boss will have been firing me. => I’m sure I will have been being fired(by my boss).
7. Present Perfect Continuous
Aktif : S + Have/Has + been + V-ing + O
Pasif : O + Have/Has + been + being + V3
Contoh :
1. I have been fixing your phone. => Your phone has been being fixed (by me).
2. She has been eating all cakes. => All cakes have been being eaten (by her).
8. Present Future Perfect Continuous
Aktif : S + Will + Have + been + V-ing + O
Pasif : O + Will + Have + been + being + V3
Contoh :
1. They will have been killing me. => I will have been being killed (by them).
2. She will have been telling me the truth. => The truth will have been being told (by her).
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